History Essay Introduction Essay

STEP 1: Focusing your topic: In writing a research essay for history, you should first formulate an idea (a working thesis) about the focus of your research. This gives you a starting point to find source information. The thesis statement must address your assignment. Use keywords from your assignment to help formulate a working thesis statement. STEP 2: Research: Librarians are trained to assist you with finding appropriate sources, but keep in mind there are some types of sources that are NOT appropriate to use for a college level essay. These include sources like encyclopedias (including Wikipedia), textbooks, Answers.com, etc. (These are places to start if you have no information about the topic, but they are not reliable sources of research info). Evaluate any source (especially Internet sources) you plan to use in your essay in terms of the following: Accuracy–(Is the information in the source correct? Does it generally match up with information you’ve found in other sources on the same topic?) Authority–(Who claims responsibility for the information in the source? You would not use a paper written by a 6th grader as a source for a college level class) Objectivity—(Is the author objective or biased? Is there an agenda?) Currency–(Is the information up to date? For example, you wouldn’t want to use a book published in 1959 if you were writing an essay about how students use computers to do research) Coverage—(Is balanced information provided, or is the coverage one-sided or incomplete?) Use sources that contain information that will support the thesis statement of your essay. Don’t use sources that you do not understand. STEP 3: Writing the essay: An academic research essay contains the following elements: Introduction—This introduces the reader to the topic and makes a specific claim (the thesis statement) about the topic. This claim is what the body, or main part, of your essay will support and explain. Argument and Documentation: Often called the body of the essay. This should be several paragraphs/pages long and contains the topic sentences that provide supporting points for your thesis statement, examples from sources that illustrate your supporting points, and explanations of HOW the examples illustrate your supporting points. Conclusion: Wraps up your essay and is the appropriate place to include your opinions about the topic. ↠ A word about transitions: Use them. You should create smooth transitions between paragraphs. This is often done by repeating keywords from the thesis and/or by introducing the topic of the following paragraph in the last sentence of the preceding paragraph. Transitional terms such as â€Å"In addition,† Similarly,† and â€Å"However† also help create smooth transitions. Repetition of keywords and ideas creates transitions. 02/08 The parts of a history research essay: Introduction: This section of the essay introduces the reader to the topic and to your particular historical take on the topic. Some historians like to â€Å"set the scene† with an anecdote that illustrates something important or interesting, or which catches the interest of the reader and focuses it on the essay’s topic. Others prefer to state vital data and background to the topic (one example of this would be a biographical essay which starts with information about when and where a person was born, etc.) Many find it easier to write the introduction after they have written the body of the essay. Statement of Thesis: This commonly appears within the introduction, usually as the last sentence of the first paragraph. Your thesis should be clear and straightforward. If you cannot state your thesis statement succinctly, you may need to think more carefully about what you are trying to argue in your essay and focus your topic more clearly. Argument and Documentation: The bulk of your research essay will be your support of the thesis statement from your introductory paragraph. A â€Å"format† to use for supporting your thesis might be as follows: MAKE A POINT, in your own words, that supports your thesis idea. This is the topic sentence of a paragraph. PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE from a source. This might be done in the form of a quote (using the exact words the source uses and quotation marks– ex. â€Å"quote†) or a paraphrase (restating the idea in your own words—no quotation marks). Whether you quote or paraphrase, you need to CITE any information you obtain from a source, and you do this by inserting a parenthetical note that includes the author of the source’s last name and the page number(s) where the information appeared in the source. For MLA format, the information that goes into the parenthetical note—ex. (Smith 64)—is the first bit of information about that source that your reader will see on your Works Cited page, so it is usually the author’s last name. If you do not have an author’s name, use keywords from the title—ex. The title of the article is â€Å"Joan of Arc: Heroine or Heretic.† Your citation might be (â€Å"Joan† 86). If there are no page numbers, as is often the case with Internet sources, the same citation would be (â€Å"Joan†). [pic]An important part of developing your research writing is to EXPLAIN how the EXAMPLE you have used makes your POINT. This explanation is written in your own words and should clearly indicate how you see the example conveying the point/conclusion you’ve reached about the topic. Conclusion: The conclusion wraps up your essay and serves as an appropriate place to offer your own opinion, apply the research to present-day issues, or state the historic significance of the topic. Visit The Learning Center website at http://www.tridenttech.edu/664_2970.htm for links to handouts on using MLA format, using thesis statements and topic sentences, and avoiding plagiarism.

Descriptive Essay “Betrayal”

The term â€Å"stabbed me in the back† is a recognized vernacular for someone who was betrayed. Well in my case I was â€Å"stabbed in the chest. † I knew how my cousin Ann could be and somehow I was still shocked that she would hurt me how she did. She was my best friend from the time I was eight to that dreadful night she nearly had herself killed. It is during this time that she changed from the person I knew; the outspoken, rebellious, fearless woman that lived life to the fullest and took no prisoners into an ignorant, selfish, two-faced she devil that would talk her best friend down to not look as bad as she really was.She had an air around her. Not quite arrogance, more of one who thought to be superior to others. Things were her way or none at all and even to me she held nothing back in her plans to get even. The night she got shot, her plans to get even, and the inevitable break from the family led to her ultimate betrayal of our friendship. Ann is not the kind of person to just let things go. She’s never content with letting bygones be bygones and move on. Needless to say she didn't keep many friends. But it isn't her begrudging nature that steered friends away from her.It is her deliberate acts of treachery and double crossing which became more and more apparent over time. Her comprehension of morality is lacking. And she also has no true understanding of restraint. She is the child punished for taking candy from a baby and in return she hits the baby. Because it's the baby's fault she was scolded so the baby must also be punished. She is cold and unsympathetic. Not a single care for the hardships she places on others. The delusions she creates of herself; a caring, altruistic, benevolent soul is actually a facade.It is her way to get your guard down and when the moment arises, she strikes with no reservation. For instance, she robbed, restrained, and beat her ex boyfriend for drugs and money simply because she wanted to punish h im for not leaving his girlfriend. She justifies her actions as results on another person's error. She is callus and conniving. Like a rabid she wolf, shifty and always on the attack. Her distasteful nature became so out of control even family began to distance from her and her deceptive ways. Somehow, she escaped with her life and did not end up dead in her apartment yet she still persists on the travesty of his actions.At first, I indulged her â€Å"poor me† attitude since I still loved Ann and wanted to comfort her. Eventually, her rants would end with more overdrawn rants but she flipped the script when she told me she had a plan to go back up to her ex’s for revenge. She is never one to let things go. She takes herself these destructive paths and leaves a mess all around her. Before she could even bring me into her plans I left and told her she’s on her own. Afterwards, she becomes irrational with anger. She starts calling me at work and texting me non-stop . She even became so desperate to call my parents asking them to send me over whenever they could.With the shooting incident and the unstable character of my cousin, my family forbid me from having any contact with her. It broke my heart because I wanted to be there for her. Nevertheless, she is not is a good place and wanted to bring everyone down around her. Though she knew her plans of revenge against her ex were foiled she, unbeknownst to me, decides to somehow bring me down. Four weeks later, I hear from Ann. I was eager and excited to hear how she was and how life back felt but I was sadly dissappointed when a drugged up Ann was slurring on the other line.Her haggard voice slurs out † You enjoying your happy perfect life? As long as you stay locked up at home like you do listening to your parents and not doing what you want. † Suddenly, Ann sounds clearer and she proceeded to chuckle into the phone. † You know I'll always look out for you. Not your parents an d not mine. Just me. So I took care of your problem with us not being able to see eachother. I called your parents told them what they needed to hear. You're a drug user. You like to sleep with lots of men and you steal from everyone. They need to kick you out so you can live with me.I made sure to make you sound real good. † I know it's all lies and I know my parents would never believe the drugged up rants of my cousin. However, it shattered me knowing my parents had to listen to those words. She knew how much I love my parents and how I strive to live up their expectations of me. Furthermore, by her telling me, she wanted me to know stabbed me in my chest. Then, she twisted the knife. â€Å"You deserve to feel judged. You are not special and I want to make sure everyone else knows you're just as bad as me. † The aftermath of that event was not a catastrophic as I had imagined.My parents both knew she was lying to make me look bad out of hate and jealously but I could tell the call still weighed on their minds. The mood was heavy. My parents were tired from the stress and I was broken by Ann's vindictive nature. It took a long time to recover from that. She had been my journal of life. I shared all my views, dreams, and secrets which she willingly through all away because she wanted to be spiteful. I never spoke to her much after that. She moved out of her mother’s house and into her boyfriend's apartment. Once her parents stopped giving her money and told her to start paying rent she left.It really made me see her for what she really is. A parasite. She hooks onto a host and takes in what nutrients she can. Finally, when she knows she can't get nothing more she moves on. Unfortunately, it is slightly different in my case. She grew with me. She festered in my heart and fed off my stories and my help and my love. It was all arsenals for her bags of tricks. So that day when she ripped herself out of my heart it hurt me deeply but now I know she is withering away with no one to latch onto and the once strong bridge she had with me is forever burned up and sealed for no entry ever again.A descriptive essay creating a dominant impression|exec|good|fair|imprv|0| INTRODUCTION ? 15 points| | build reader interest| | | | | | state a sound and clear THESIS STATEMENTpresent a dominant impression| | | | | | offer a single sentence summary of the main supports which maintain the dominant impression| | | | | | DEVELOPMENTAL PARAGRAPHS ? 60 points| | contain topic sentences (main supports) connected to thesis to develop/enhance the dominant impression| | | | | | are unified around the topic sentence| | | | | | re fully developed with specific examples, details, explanations to reinforce the dominant impressions| | | | | | contain specific words to reinforce the dominant impression| | | | | | provide sentences that are clearly written| | | | | | GENERAL ISSUES -20 points| | use a consistent voice (NO ? YOU? )| | | | | | spell all w ords correctly| | | | | | increase coherence among sentences and paragraphs| | | | | | use commas and semi-colons correctly| | | | | | PERSONAL GOAL -5 points| | | | | | | | The personal goal is a composing issue that has challenged the writer previously

Criticism of Shakespeares play Macbeth Movie Review

Criticism of Shakespeares play Macbeth - Movie Review Example Macbeth is obviously a morality play where Shakespeare demonstrated that greed, ambition and power can corrupt a man just like what happened to Macbeth, once a loyal general of the king became a monster (figurative) when he believed the witches premonition that he will be king someday. The aplay also sent the message among its reader and audience that good will always triump over evil as Macbeth eventually fell even if he was the king of Scotland. The play was okay but I cannot say that it was terrific. Perhaps I did not appreciate the play that much due to the heaviness of Shakepeare’s language. But I like watching the play rather than reading the book because I understand the story better and it does not drag me to sleep. I thought of it as above average because there was not much technology used in the play to properly render the ghost of Banquo and the witches. They would have been a spectacular sight to behold had the production had enough budget. Shakespeare’s play is always worth doing. It raises the bar or standard of language and keeps us abreast on the beauty of the english language. The play also makes the book more interesting because in the play, the actors can vividly render the story. The plot of the story by itself also teaches a lesson that greed, ambition and power can corrupt which is a valuable lesson that students should learn in addition to appreciating the poetry of Shakespearean English.

E-Commerce Infrastructure - EBay Strategy Focus Essay - 1

E-Commerce Infrastructure - EBay Strategy Focus - Essay Example In the present global environment, e-business has gained strong popularity. As internal and external electronic communication within the business processes has become almost unavoidable, the efficiency of the e-business applications is increasing with time. Hence, e-business is defined as the business transaction which takes place with the use of communication and information technologies. It mainly includes three primary functions which are: a) it includes commercial activities like, purchase or sale of products or services electronically; b) various business activities like, customer relationship marketing, enterprise resource planning and new product innovation; c) social activities like, cultural enforcement and social interaction. The e-business application has been classified into various categories i.e. Business to Consumer (B2C); Business to Business (B2B); Government to Citizen (G2C) and finally, Business to Government (B2G). The main components of this application include: 2) The software applications manage the business transactions in e-business. Examples of such transactions include the presentation of detailed information, storage or retrieval of data in the databases and exchange of information in an appropriate manner. The web applications include electronic marketplace or any company website and provide a global recognition to the businesses. Thus, it is important that the software applications are well-integrated within the web applications so that the task gets completed in much easier manner. a) Informative: The main purpose of this informative e-business application is to provide professional, technical and other business information. The informative transactions mainly include business communication transactions, corporate website information and e-promotions by means of e-mails and e-newsletters. Current developments in web technologies like Extensible Markup Language aims at developing a unified framework for the unstructured informative transactions.  

If you were a victim of crime, what services would you expect to Essay

If you were a victim of crime, what services would you expect to receive Should you be given financial compensation Offender - Essay Example A crime can be of various dimensions, ranging from physical abuse, physical and mental violence, to crimes against property. Considering the fact that numerous types of criminal acts fall under these categories mentioned above, the victims of crimes also vary with regard to the extent and kind of criminal act they were exposed to or witness to. The kind of services that are offered to victims of crime vary from one place to another, or in other words, the services offered to victims of crime are related to the legal and institutional practices associated with the territory inhabited by the crime victim. For instance, in the USA, the services offered would differ one state to the other. Also, the compensation packages that are offered to crime victims vary with regard to the nature of crime perpetrated upon them along with the variation in laws from state to state. 2 Since the experience of having been victim to a crime leaves behind stress and trauma which differs according to the ty pe of crime one has been victim to, the level and kinds of services required also differ. For instance, the victim of domestic abuse will need a lot of emotional counseling as will the victim of rape. However, the victim of property theft may require insurance assistance.

Marketing Research for Mc Donalds Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Research for Mc Donalds - Case Study Example Donald's provides fast food and has established and maintained its position as a market leader in the food retail business for over a century. Fast food is typically similar in behavior to fast moving consumer products. It is due to this, that Mc. Donald's needs to advertise all the time to generate a top-of the mind recall and to remind people what the brand stands for. The success of Fast food retail business is dependent on the ability of all marketing campaigns to instill a craving for their product offering. History of Business Theme: The business theme of Mc Donald's has evolved with time. However, even though their positioning statement has been varying and has been different for different campaigns, the key elements i.e. "warmth","Everyday slice of life" and "the Mc Donald's Experience", have been retained. This consistency in the theme and campaign has helped in building a clear image of Mc Donald's in the mind of customers. Their positioning statements in the past decades have been as follows: Even though a campaign is usually aimed at the walk in customers and the bottom line is always a boost in sales. However, all the affiliated stakeholders including the employees, suppliers, business partners and stakeholders feel the spillover effects of any advertising. Customers; the customers would always want to purchase food that is convenient and hygienic. However, in the past few years, hygiene consciousness and heath consciousness has increased. Mc Donald's may ace at hygiene maintenance but in the "Health" segment it has to battle the negative image of fast food industry on the whole. The fast food industry carries a universal image that it is fattening food and is thus unhealthy. Suppliers: The suppliers need to know that the vendor management is efficient and fair. The suppliers also benefit from the positive image of Mc Donald's as it adds to their own portfolio of high profile clients that they serve. This helps in building up clientele

Contemporary Issue In Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary Issue In Marketing - Essay Example This report mainly focuses on relationship marketing, its importance in the modern business scenario and connection of relationship with technological innovation and discussion regarding the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC). Lastly, a conclusion and recommendation is made regarding the close connectivity between these three aspects. Relational marketing In the last few decades, the marketing theories have experienced a colossal shift in both theories and practices of marketing. Relationship marketing is a developing network paradigm that recognises that global competition occurs between networks of organizations. In the context of relationship marketing, Morgan and Hunt (1994) have suggested the Commitment and Trust Theory that involves all types of relational exchanges. The researchers have argued that the central concept of relationship marketing rotates around those that distinguish an effective and productive relational exchange from those that are ineffective and unprodu ctive. There are several factors that contribute towards the success or failure of relationship marketing effort. These scholars have stressed on trust and commitment that makes significant contribution. They theorised that relationship trust and commitment is the key to successful relationship marketing. These two aspects help the marketer in preserving relationship by cooperating with the partners, resisting their attraction towards short-term benefits in the hope to reap long-term ones by staying with the existing partners and looking at high-risk actions as prudent. Figure 1 (Source: Morgan and Hunt, 1994) Another research scholar, Reichheld and Sasser (1990), have stressed on the fact that there are very few companies who have succeeded in providing the service commitment made by them to the customers. For service companies, scrap heap signifies customers who are not going to come back. If the companies start measuring this scrap heap, they will realise that this scarp cost the m heavily and ardent steps are needed to be taken in order to reduce the same. This will make them strive for â€Å"zero defects† in their quality movement and guiding light for making the organization gain profitability and achieve it soon. They have suggested that customer defection leads to a powerful impact on the bottom line. The company’s market share, profit, unit cost and many other factors related to competitive advantage are expected to be impacted positively. This strengthening and lengthening of relationship is expected to increase profit by 100 percent, by 5 percent retention of the existing customers. Technology development Computing technology is an omnipresent aspect that encompasses both personal lives of an individual and organizational framework. In order to understand the outcomes, resulting from technology acceptance, several theoretical models has been proposed such as, technology acceptance model (TAM) and innovation diffusion theory. The TAM is hugely recognised as robust but with parsimonious conceptualization. Based on the theory of reasoned action, it has been argued by TAM that the behaviour of IT acceptance can be explained, based on the belief of the individual, regarding the ease of use and usefulness of IT. On the other hand, the innovation diffus

Benzene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benzene - Essay Example At room temperature, it is liquid and is a bit viscous. Its density is 0.879 g/mL and turns to vapor at 80.1Â ºC. It is a flammable aromatic hydrocarbon and is not completely miscible with water, but can dissolve in other solvents like acetone, chlorofom or carbon tetrachloride (EPA, 1988). Because of its high flammability and volatility, the chemical must be kept away from sparks, open flame, heat or other hot surfaces that may cause fire or explosion (cpchem.com, 2014). Benzene is a common part of industrial manufacturing of plastics, man-made fibers, rubber lubricants, colorants and pesticides. It is also a component in gasoline and other petroleum products. In nature, volcanoes and forest fires emit benzene into the atmosphere. Residential uses of benzene are found in adhesives, paint removers and gasoline. Petroleum products are the major contributors of benzene in the environment (dhs.wisconsin.gov, 2013). Other aromatic chemicals such as phenol and toluene, are also synthesized from benzene either by replacing the hydrogen atoms in the molecule or by cleavage of the bonds in the benzene molecule. Most chemicals from benzene are products of substitution reactions (epa.gov, 1988). Humans are exposed to benzene in different ways, namely through inhalation, ingestion or by skin contact. The most common route of benzene exposure is by inhalation, especially when humans are exposed to petroleum products or benzene-containing paints and resins. When benzene is released in its vapor form from manufacturing industries, the people living near the area are exposed and inhale it. The symptoms that may be experienced when exposed to benzene for short periods are headaches or nausea. However, for longer periods high risk of having cancer and anemia are some of the health effects. Some studies in animals have shown that prolonged exposure to benzene vapors caused infertility and damaged reproductive organs.

Aircraft Fleet Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aircraft Fleet Planning - Essay Example Understanding the fundamentals of all these factors are essential to successfully managing the operations of an airline (The Global airline industry program, 2009). Tendency of fleet planning is becoming more market oriented as the airlines are placing more emphasis on the financial matter other than technical side of business. Aircraft acquisition planning is more challenging now than earlier with more new models on the market and countless pre-owned aircraft and refurbishment packages to choose from. So, airlines have mainly focused on following factors while implementing their fleet planning strategy. Costs: As like in other industries, in aviation also cost is a major factor towards a company’s success. The knowledge and control of the costs provided by the latest aircraft models, engines and fleet universality are the important aspects in the assessment of future fleet necessities. Along with fuel price hike airlines are also encountered with high input costs. Increasing manpower costs due to shortage of trained and skilled technical personnel exerts more burdens on aviation. Management has to provide high salaries and other benefits to employees to retain talented employees which cost more on them. The cost levels incurred by the airline will affect the ability to achieve profits from the operations and will determine the service level provided to customers, depending of the airline model. Officials have to take all these costs into account while planning their flight strategies. Price: Many airlines are applying low cost strategy in their fleet planning. Because, passengers preferred  low fares  than other facilities.  Low cost carriers  making available the air travel to people who were unable to travel by plane in the past. Pricing reflects the high levels of competition of the market. Demand: Demand is another factor where the strategy makers considered at the time of aircraft fleet planning. The demand by the customer regarding the ser vices provided and the fares offered would be the main aspect in ascertaining the appropriate fleet for a company. Capacity: Seating capacity  and its utilisation would also to be looked upon by the companies. The seats available for each route would be depending on the demand, frequently offered the type of aircraft to be deployed and specific characteristics of the routes. There are some regulatory issues which could reduce the capacity of an airline to operate on certain routes between two countries. These are implemented by respective countries in order to protect their national carriers or strategic routes. After evaluating all these factors, a reasonable profit earning fare would be fixed by the airline companies. They base their evaluation on a  cost benefit analysis  based on these factors when comparing the different available options for the fleet planning. At last, costs and revenues play their major role in deciding their strategy (Paul Clark, 2007). When adding mo re aircraft of the same The biggest revenue/cost saving of adding more aircraft of the same type is the compatibility and similarity. For example, The Boeing 777-200 is a long range jet airliner, and the world’s largest twinjet having a seating capacity of over 300 passengers. The Boeing 777 aircraft has

Natural habitat Essay Example for Free

Natural habitat Essay Gibson and recorded that, of the 36 participants, 27 infants moved off the centre board. Of this 27 only 3 crossed onto the deep side. These results strongly suggest that almost all babies, at the age of mobility have depth perception abilities. They noticed that most of the infants crawling away from the deep side or cried when called to their mothers. Some infants even touched or patted the glass surface, so they knew that it was solid, but still refused to cross onto it. This is evidence for the idea that humans are particularly visual creatures; even if our other senses are telling us otherwise, we are likely to rely strongly on our vision. Gibson and Walk also noted that several babies moved onto the glass accidentally when trying to move away from it, which shows that accidents like falling off a cliff face will still occur even if the baby has depth perception as they are not as aware of their bodies as adults. Due to the fact that the children were required to be mobile, and this meant the minimum age was six months, Gibson Walk had to use animals as control groups to certify that the babies had not simply learnt depth perception in their first five months through experience and observation in their environment. Animals such as turtles, rats, cats, lambs, kittens, chicks and kids were used. The results of the chicks, kids and lambs were particularly important as all of these animals are precocial and would have had little opportunity in the few hours between birth and being tested to develop depth perception. The chicks, which were all tested within 24 hours of birth all moved onto the shallow side and none crossed over to the deep side. Both kids and lambs also did not step onto the deep side once, and when placed onto the deep side, became distressed and froze still. Rats however, who use their whiskers to navigate, saw little or no preference for either side. This is because they are nocturnal and completely rely on their vibrissae to comprehend their environment. They also found that when the centre board was placed high enough that they could not reach it with their vibrissae, the rats avoided the deep side, showing much more preference for the shallow side. Kittens at four weeks, displayed the same reactions as the lambs, chicks and kids and Gibson and Walk also used dark-reared kittens to investigate the development of the visual system. Kittens that were reared in the dark for the first 27 days of life showed no discrimination between either side. However, when kept in normal lighting conditions, they gained normal depth perception after only one week. Turtles were also tested. Although it was hypothesised that turtles may be attracted to the shiny surface of the glass over the deep side, believing it to resemble water, the turtles also showed levels of depth perception. However, only 76% of turtles managed to avoid the deep side. This large minority suggests that turtles have poor depth perception as a species. This is probably due to their natural habitat; they are less at risk from a fall due to the fact that they spend a majority of their time under water. It is also possible that their depth perception is slightly different to land animals, as they are used to perceiving depths under water, in which distances will appear slightly different. Kids were also used in an alternative test in which they were placed on the shallow side of the glass. The goats appeared fine to stand and move across the surface however when the pattern was lowered, the goats became distressed and froze as soon as it was more than a foot below. The kids never learnt that the glass was solid and therefore safe to stand on, no matter how long they stood on the deep side. Six main conclusions can be draw from this study; human babies have depth perception by the time they are mobile but it is possible this is through experience in their environment before this point. This study also supports the nativist view that we are born with the ability to perceive depth and that the visual system just has to develop for this to be fully functioning (although it does not prove that depth perception is innate). Findings usually fit with the life history and ecological place of the animal being studied (for example, dark reared cats visual systems had not yet developed properly). All animals tested showed depth perception by the age of mobility. Habitat can affect our ability to perceive depth, for example, turtles, whose natural habitat does not require particularly accurate depth perception, show much lower levels of depth perception than other land animals. Studies with rats in which the experimenter changed the size and shape of the pattern to eliminate certain cues suggested that shape and motion cues need to develop over time whereas motion parallax is innate (supported by Yonas et als study into babies depth perception in photographs).

Study On The Reflection Paper

Study On The Reflection Paper Chapter I. Whats in a word? All languages have words. All words have different meanings, different function and they belong to different groups and classes as well, some carry grammatical function other words carry more information. One thing is for sure, even today we learn new meaning of existing words or we learn new words even in our first language. Understanding meaning of new words in second language is much more difficult, there are many words that are used in novel ways and that confuse learners of second language. In this concept it is crucial for Second Language Learner to understand both meaning and the use of specific word, and to be able to produce it when necessary, and to develop their own strategy of learning new words. It is very important for learners to know and make distinction between different forms of same word, this helps S.L.L (Second Language Learners) to identify the word class and to produce and use proper meaning. From my personal experience I would like to share some of the problem s that usually occur. E.g I will take like as verb and as a preposition. What is London like? (Prep); What do you like? (Verb). To understand differences in meaning and in concept of target word students have to take in consideration and word class. It is not only issue of grammar difference, change of word classes and switch from one to another, but also new vocabulary word with new meaning and form. Another very important issue is word families. Different languages have already the same structure that gathers words, form new words, or new meanings to existing words. I will try very briefly without getting in details to share my opinion based on readings class discussions and my own experience. Both suffixes and prefixes appear in English and Albanian. Being a native learner of Albanian language is very easy for me to identify and use words in different forms and meanings in Albanian Lang, but for E.F.L learners it is quite difficult even they are familiar with the models of inflexional or derivative words. What I have noticed the most is the difficulty of ESL learners to master the process of Word Formation in English, it differs a lot and it is far more complex than, in this case Albanian. Compounding, conversion, blending and clipping express very firmly the complexity of this process. Another important point that it is worth to be mentioned in Vocab Teaching is grouping of words that form units as if they were single word units. These are called multi word units, their meaning is usually subject of change upon the parts that word unit contains, these can phrasal verbs with either literal or non-literal meaning, as sentence frames and multi part verbs. The occurrence of words mentioned above is another important , words happens very often to co- occur next to each other and to give new meaning to the sentence as a whole. It is very important to be able to notice the difference in meaning, of words that share the same form. At this point we can come to conclusion that it is very difficult for foreign learners because many word have different but overlapping meanings, in this line homonyms, homophones, homographs can really confuse learners, and in the other hand polysemy is a real challenge for compilers as they are real headache for learners. E.g the word fair that has different meaning in every our example: long fair hair; Skripton fair; fair cook. Other meanings of words we have the words that occur in line with other words ang give new meanings. To sum up and not to go further in detail and to give conclusion of what we have learnt about words is that language first emerges as words and going farther into structures and forms we use them to produce language that we have learnt. Chapter-II. How words are learned. How important is vocabulary- without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed (David Vilkins). The importance of vocabulary is very high, you can master the grammar very well but without proper knowledge of vocabulary spoken language will be of lowest levels. Also it is very important when you visit a foreign country, you dont bring a grammar book but a vocabulary and people usually try to learn more common expressions in their very first days. There were many various problems with vocabulary teaching because it wasnt on the fore in the Direct Method or Audio Lingual Method- which gave greater priority to grammar learning and grammar structures. Number of words taught on these courses were very low and the words learnt were chosen because were easy to demonstrate. But nowadays teaching a vocabulary is given a special importance, and courses and course books are giving much more space to teaching new words and communication. In order to have a be tter communication L2 learners need to have a critical mass of vocabulary to get the over threshold of second language. In this context they should develop their own and unique style about remembering the words. These styles can be developed with teachers help; their role in this case is to guide students toward their learning styles and strategies. Looking back in the early period in the era of Direct Method and A.L.M, students had to learn, repeat the words that they have learnt. Of course nowadays these models are old fashioned and things have changed. From my experience when I was in primary school- teachers translated for us the key words, but without much effort to make us understand more. Of course these words were placed in short term memory, and after a while couldnt be recalled and used properly when needed. In comparison with this I as E. L teacher am using different models to explain the meaning of new words, avoiding as much as possible translation to L1, and old fashioned methods like learn words by heart. I found for my students very helpful eliciting meaning of new words, or new meaning of existing words, also using flashcards, pictures, word games not only that make students feel more relaxed. Another fact that we should take in consideration is the first language, having a good command of first language is help ful but sometimes can be a potential block to the development of second language vocabulary, it can come to this because the patterns of every language are different and when learners try to make links, sometimes they may succeed but sometimes not. In second language learning vocabulary is important and spelling, pronunciation and length. All this can cause errors because words with difficult pronunciation, with spelling mismatches, long and complex words, appear to more difficult to be learnt and remembered. Chapter III- How to Teach Vocabulary In this chapter the main issue is teaching vocabulary, sources and methods and techniques that best fit and explain these sources. Here are mentioned at least five possible sources that provide vocabulary input for learners. -Lists -Course books -Vocabulary books -The teacher Other students. Based on class discussions and readings about lists and shared experiences vocabulary learning requires a close attention at being done activities in order to acquire new words or new meanings to existing words. One of vocabulary sources as it is mentioned above are lists, they provide students with new words, some of these words will be learnt actively and some occidental. One of the main tasks should be, these lists should consist of words that are selected for active study. Criteria of usefulness, frequency or lexical dont seem to be applied. One reason that students would like to learn from lists is the economical way of organizing vocabulary for learning and it doesnt matter if they arent put in random way. In order to be successful with lists it is necessary that learning activities be integrated into lesson plan activities in classroom. Another source of teaching vocabulary are course books, usually in course books are some criteria of choosing vocabulary. Usefulness- it means that can be put to immediate use, e.g. classroom objects in elementary level. Frequency- words that appear most frequently express the most frequent meanings in the language, and importance of these words. Learnability- includes careful choice of words in syllabus, especially for beginners. Teach ability is very important because we make words for students very easy to understand through different activities by demonstrating or illustrating them. Vocabulary work in course books is organized in segregated activities that present practice of lexical sets, word formation rules, test of words indicated before, guessing activities; integration of vocabulary into skill works, usually a pre-task or post-task activities. Another source are Vocabulary Books, due to priority given to learning new words in a foreign language (English) there is a wide selection of supplementary books available. Usually these books are targeted as books needed for specific purposes, such as business or technology. The aim is to test vocabulary knowledge rather than to teach it. Activities used in this kind of books such as brainstorming of ideas or meanings to new words and eliciting students with new meaning of words appears to be very useful for students. Teacher is also considered as a useful source of acquiring new words, phrases or expressions that teachers use most commonly in classroom. Teachers own stories also can be very valuable to students. They can ask students to make similar stories or new stories with given words in order to practice both use and meaning of words. It is in human nature that all develop their own lexicon. Sharing of their knowledge either in brainstorming activities, pair working or spoken activities in classroom is very useful. This leads to student- student lexicon combination and ability to recall and express when necessary. Chapter IV- Texts, Dictionaries and Corpora From what we discussed in last chapter about offering vocabulary teaching through lists. In our days texts are being more explicit and the vocabulary teaching has been incorporated into text books. Comparing to lists short texts have great advantages in vocabulary teaching and building purposes. The fact that words are in context increases the chances of learners to appreciate not only the meaning, but and their structural and word order in sentences. Texts usually display connected sets of words. Short texts are very useful for classroom use since they can be subjected to intensive grammatical and lexical study. Advantage of short texts to long texts is that students do not usually get bored and their attention is not overtaxed. Authentic texts are usually rich in vocabulary especially literary texts. Extensive reading provides the opportunity for students to meet words in their context of use, and also supplies repeated encounters with many of these words. Words are usually repeated up to six times, and as more as they repeat it is easily for learners to acquire the meaning or to get it from context of the sentence. In this context words that are introduced once should at least be reminded once more or if possible more. This has to do with linking between the lessons. It is very important the learners need to enjoy and to get as much as possible, and this type of reading shouldnt be regarded as hard work. Dictionaries are regarded as tools and as vocabulary resource because they contain rich information of the words. For a long time use of dictionaries has been discouraged in class. It was argued that use of these may encourage learners to focus only in native words if it is mono-lingual, and might inhibit the development of more useful skills such as guessing from context. Kinds of dictionaries available: monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. It is very important to make the difference between these two kinds. From my experience I prefer monolingual dictionary of target language, because not only we understand the word we want but also and words related to the meaning or context. The benefit for teachers and learners of corpus data is that it provides both with easily accessible information about real language use, frequency and collocation. Before the advent of corpora, teachers had to rely largely on intuitions about the way words are actually used. Before the advent of corpora, frequency information was also largely guesswork- or involved a great deal of pen-paper counting. Corpus information is typically presented in the forem of concordances; they display the results of a word search as individual lines of text, with targeted word or words aligned to the centre. Corpora are the latest addition to the resources available for vocabulary input. Concordancing and keyword programs are two of the tools that make corpus data available for classroom use. For the end I would like to say these words Vocabulary teaching and learning is like exploring universe. Burim Sopa i.d- 119325

During this essay I will be exploring and comparing two of Carol Ann :: English Literature

During this essay I will be exploring and comparing two of Carol Ann Duffy’s poems, Education for Leisure and Stealing Comparison between two of Duffy’s poems. During this essay I will be exploring and comparing two of Carol Ann Duffy’s poems, â€Å"Education for Leisure† and â€Å"Stealing†. In both of these dramatic monologues Duffy clearly portrays a certain persona, the character in â€Å"Education for Leisure† is shown as a young adult, that, because he has been ignored, is trying to find power by killing living things. Similarly the character in the poem â€Å"Stealing† is ignored and friendless and so resorts to stealing just for the thrill of it, often stealing things that aren’t useful to him. The character in the poem Education for Leisure is very egocentric, â€Å"I breathe out talent on the glass to write my name† this shows that he really believes that even the air he exhales is important enough to be classed as talent and he writes his name on it as if it was an autograph. He also says â€Å"I could be anything at all, with half a chance.† This shows that he isn’t given the chance to be anything that he wants to be and that he is quite ignored by others. This helps explain why he goes on his killing spree, its probably because people don’t acknowledge him that he wants that kind of power of someone, or something so he isn’t ignored anymore. The character in the poem â€Å"Stealing† is very lonely, when talking about a snowman he once stole he says â€Å"I wanted him, a mate with a mind as cold as the slice of ice within my brain.† This shows that what he wants is a friend that is just like him, someone he can relate to, because no one else could understand. He also says â€Å"Sometimes I steal things I don’t need† He does this because he got a thrill out of doing it the first time and it gives him a sense of power of who he is stealing from. The quote â€Å"I sigh like this - Aah† shows the satisfaction he gets when he is stealing, and the short sentence â€Å"Mirrors.† show that he likes to see himself, and he sees it as a

Business Management Essay -- Business Management

Business Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The world of business has undergone radical and dramatic changes in the last decade changes that present extraordinary challenges for the contemporary manager. A manager is an organizational member who is responsible for planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the activities of the organization so that the goals can be achieved. According to a widely referenced study by Henry Mintzberg, managers serve three primary roles: interpersonal, informational, and decision-making. Management is process of administrating and coordinating resources effectively and efficiently in an effort to achieve the goals of the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept of management within an organization typically occurs in an organizational setting. Organizations compromise a group of individuals who work together toward common goals. The concept of management within an organization can also be looked upon as a context as well as a process. Within the process of management there are four major functions planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Managers at all levels of the organizational hierarchy must engage in planning. Planning involves setting goals and defining the actions necessary to achieve those goals. In planning the top-level manager establishes the overall goals and strategies for the organization. While on the other hand the other managers in the hierarchy develop operational plans for their work groups, which has a responsibility to help the organization. All the managers must develop goals that are supportive in the over all strategy of the organization. Organizing involves determining the tasks to be done, which will do them, and how those tasks will be managed and coordinated. Managers of an organization have to put a work team together so that proper information, resources, and tasks can flow properly and efficiently in an organization. Managers should be able to lead the members of their work groups toward the accomplishment of the organization’s goals. Leading is defined as motivating and directing the members of the organization so that they contribute to the achievement of the goals of the organization. In order for leaders and managers to be effective they must understand the dynamics of individual and group behavior, to be able to motivate their employees, and be effective communicators. It is said that a good ... ...by using job rotation; job rotation is the assigning of jobs to individuals to a variety of job positions once they have mastered their original job. Another way to help an organization or manager in dealing with quality is by assigning self managed teams. A self-managed team is a group of employees who design their job responsibilities to achieve the self-determined goals and objectives of the team. With these teams the organization may be able to run more smoothly and less pressure will be on the middle manager, or the first-line manager. Finally another way to control quality effectively is by using (TQM) total quality management. Total Quality management is a systematic approach for enhancing products, services, processes, and operational quality control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quality is a very important thing in an organization; therefore it is not possible to improve the quality of a product or service substantially without major changes in all aspects of the organization. Because quality is so important if changes aren’t made throughout the organization the output of the product will no be very successful. Everyone in the organization plays a major role in the out come of its products.

criminal justice Essay examples -- essays research papers

Tushnet's A Court Divided By R. Anastasia Tremaine - February, 2005 Tushnet's A Court Divided Tushnet (2005) takes an insightful look into the current Supreme Court and what it means for the future in his work entitled A Court Divided. Much has been discussed about the Court, particularly since the 2000 election ended up being referred to the judicial branch of government. Constitutional law has always been fascinating subject, as it broaches the areas of guaranteed legal protections. Landmark decisions change the course of history and determine which rights the people have and have not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book addresses the obvious problems. First, the author identifies the division between liberal and conservative judges. These two divisions have played a huge role not only in the court systems, but in the political arena as well. Because the president is able to appoint judges, many people believe that he will appoint someone like himself. A Republican president will appoint a conservative and a Democrat will appoint a liberal. Although this is largely the case, all too often surprises emerge. It should really not be a surprise at all that judges have their own minds and are not stereotypical. Brilliant men seldom have one mindset, even though they may lean one way or another. Still, the idea that the president may appoint chief justices does suggest that, like a game of chess, the future of Constitutional law is to some extent contingent on who is president. Depending upon the makeup of the court at the time, one appointment can change a great deal and shift the court either to the right or to the left.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author does admit that the court is divided by party or ideology, but he does contest the argument that a particular type of judge will always go a particular way. Rather, he looks at each individually and notes each of their distinct prejudices. The idea that the conservatives and liberals are at odds is not necessarily true and instead the author vies for a theory that shows divisions in certain subject areas. It is not necessarily the case that conservatives will side one way or another. For example, the author points out that many social issues are not ruled conservatively and this is because some of the fiscal conservatives on board are really just fiscal conservatives.   Ã‚  ... ...in accordance with a party platform. That said, whatever happens in the future, it seems that the Court is in good hands. By the time a judge is appointed, he or she will have been scrutinized and again, there is little in terms of predictability on which one can rely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Will the future of the court be more conservative if a Republican president must select a new candidate? It does not matter. Again, Tushnet's (2005) premise is that the court is divided by Conservatives. Bush is a quasi-conservative president as he does support many liberal views. Immigration is one example and the topic is tied to Constitutional law to an extent. In conclusion, Tushnet writes an excellent review of the Court, and one that helps the reader understand the decisions that were handed down in recent years, and why they were made. His easy writing style and attention to detail makes for a marvelous read for any law student or layman who wants to understand what makes the Supreme Court justices tick. Reference Tushnet, M. (2005). A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law. New York: Norton, W.W. & Company, Inc.

The Great Gatsby – Violent Situations

In F. Scott Fitzgerald's, The Great Gatsby, the violent situations that occur reveal the true personalities and feelings of many of the characters. To begin, Tom and Myrtle are discussing whether Myrtle has the right to mention Daisy's name and Myrtle annoyingly repeated â€Å"Daisy†. This outraged Tom. â€Å"Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand†¦ Then there were bloody towels upon the bath-room floor, and women’s voices scolding, and high over the confusion a long broken wail of pain†(41). Tom brings out the dark side of him. He demonstrates how brutal and cruel he is by getting to the point of punching a woman. Tom clearly loses his temper easily and does not know how to control himself. He gets outraged if others don’t obey him which makes him controlling. He also shows that he has some respect for Daisy because he does not let the girl he uses for a sexual relationship, to say her name. Secondly, under stress, Daisy is driving at a fast speed when Myrtle jumps in front of the car, and Daisy hit her and took off. Daisy brutally kills Myrtle. Michaelis and this man reached her first, but when they had torn open her shirtwaist, still damp with perspiration, they saw that her left breast was swinging loose like a flap, and there was no need to listen for the heart beneath. The mouth was wide open and ripped at the corners, as though she had choked a little in giving up the tremendous vitality she had stored so long†(145). Daisy seems like a sweet, innocent woman but she proves instead to be se lfish. She commits such a nasty and brutal mistake that the right thing would be for her to take responsibility for it. She doesn’t though, because she’s careless and worries only about herself. At the same time, Myrtle demonstrates her hope for freedom and to be with Tom as she runs towards the car. She is obviously not happy with George Wilson. Lastly, George becomes so sure Gatsby killed his wife, Myrtle, that he shoots him and after shoots himself. â€Å"It was after we started with Gatsby toward the house that the gardener saw Wilson’s body a little way off in the grass, and the holocaust was complete†(170). After George is told that Gatsby kills Myrtle, he becomes careless. He proves that he is very passionate about his love for his wife, that when she dies he doesn’t care for his own life any longer. He feels bitter and the need of revenge. His grief over-powers him. For Gatsby, this reveals his corruption. Since he dies in his pool, surrounded by his own blood, he dies like a criminal; he dies like a criminal would die for corruption. In The Great Gatsby, the violent situations expose who and how the characters truly are. It is their actions that speak their words.

Hris Case Study

HRIS Case study 1. How does this position help the HR function become a strategic partner of the organization? MOMIRI companies realize that quality personal are the key to success. That means the company can achieve its strategic goals by the support of human capital. Therefore, proper management of human capital is the core factor for company to reach its strategic goals. Thus, HRIS, of which primary objective is to maximize the value of an organization’s human capital, can serve as a significant strategic partner of the organization.In addition, according to the duties and responsibilities of the HRIS administrator, since the HRIS administer serves as key systems liaison with other department such as payroll, HRIS administer can also help other department and build an integrate relationship between HR and other department. That relationship can provide a very insightful view for HR department and help the company to make and implement its strategic goals by providing some u seful information of employees. 2. From the position description, identify the traditional, transactional, and transformational HR activities that this position is involved with.Traditional: Conduct new hire in process to include systems training for new employees and entering new employee information in Costpoint. Conduct termination out-processing to include entering employee separation information in Costpoint and reporting attrition data. Process personal actions (hires, terminations, pay & title changes, promotions, employment status, etc) to include entering data into HRIS. Transactional: Support and maintains the HRIS in addition to other systems supported by the management of enterprise applications.Provide detail and aggregate information for salary surveys and regulatory reporting. Maintain data integrity in ATS, HRIS, and other enterprise system by running queries and analyzing and fully auditing data across all HR departments. Transformational: Provide HR tools and resou rces for management and staff to accomplishment their goals and objectives. Serve as key systems liaison with other departments and process stakeholders. 3. Using the key responsibilities identified for this position, explain why and how the HRIS function plays a pivotal role in the organizational model as described in this chapter.The HRIS function keeps and manages all the employees’ information. The HRIS analyzes the employees’ information such as performance and skills and identifies some talented person to plan and implement project. In addition, the HRIS can help make payrolls and thus build an integrate relationship with other finance and accounting software. Last but not least, HRIS can enhance efficiency and effectiveness of HR administrative functions and improve employees satisfaction by delivering HR services more quickly and accurately.

Applications of amortization

amortization Definitions (2) 1. The gradual elimination of a liability, such as a mortgage, in regular payments over a specified period of time. Such payments must be sufficient to cover both principal and interest. 2. Writing off an intangible asset investment over the projected life of the assets. Read more: http://www. investorwords. com/200/amortization. html#ixzz2GXWACfP2 Applications of amortization In business, amortization refers to spreading payments over multiple periods. The term is used for two separate processes: amortization of loans and amortization of intangible assets. Amortization of loansIn lending, amortization is the distribution of payment into multiple cash flow installments, as determined by an amortization schedule. Unlike other repayment models, each repayment installment consists of both principal and interest. Amortization is chiefly used in loan repayments (a common example being a mortgage loan) and in sinking funds. Payments are divided into equal amoun ts for the duration of the loan, making it the simplest repayment model. A greater amount of the payment is applied to interest at the beginning of the amortization schedule, while more money is applied to principal at the end.Commonly it is known as EMI or Equated Monthly Installment. [1] or, equivalently, where: P is the principal amount borrowed, A is the periodic payment, r is the periodic interest rate divided by 100 (annual interest rate also divided by 12 in case of monthly installments), and n is the total number of payments (for a 30-year loan with monthly payments n = 30 ? 12 = 360). Negative amortization (also called deferred interest) occurs if the payments made do not cover the interest due. The remaining interest owed is added to the outstanding loan balance, making it larger than the original loan amount.If the repayment model for a loan is â€Å"fully amortized,† then the very last payment (which, if the schedule was calculated correctly, should be equal to al l others) pays off all remaining principal and interest on the loan. If the repayment model on a loan is not fully amortized, then the last payment due may be a large balloon payment of all remaining principal and interest. If the borrower lacks the funds or assets to immediately make that payment, or adequate credit to refinance the balance into a new loan, the borrower may end up in default. Amortization of intangible assetsIn accounting, amortization refers to expensing the acquisition cost minus the residual value of intangible assets (often intellectual property such as patents and trademarks or copyrights) in a systematic manner over their estimated useful economic lives so as to reflect their consumption, expiry, obsolescence or other decline in value as a result of use or the passage of time. A corresponding concept for tangible assets is depreciation. Methodologies for allocating amortization to each accounting period are generally the same as for depreciation.However, many intangible assets such as goodwill or certain brands may be deemed to have an indefinite useful life and are therefore not subject to amortization (although goodwill is subjected to an impairment test every year). Amortization is recorded in the financial statements of an entity as a reduction in the carrying value of the intangible asset in the balance sheet and as an expense in the income statement. Under International Financial Reporting Standards, guidance on accounting for the amortization of intangible assets is contained in IAS 38. 2] Under United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the primary guidance is contained in FAS 142. [3] While theoretically amortization is used to account for the decreasing value of an intangible asset over its useful life, in practice, many companies will â€Å"amortize† what would otherwise be one-time expenses by listing them as a capital expense on the cash flow statement and paying off the cost through amortization, thereby improving the company's net income in the fiscal year or quarter of the expense Amortization schedule An amortization schedule is a table detailing each periodic payment on an amortizing loan (typically a mortgage), as generated by an amortization calculator. Amortization refers to the process of paying off a debt (often from a loan or mortgage) over time through regular payments. A portion of each payment is for interest while the remaining amount is applied towards the principal balance. The percentage of interest versus principal in each payment is determined in an amortization schedule.While a portion of every payment is applied towards both the interest and the principal balance of the loan, the exact amount applied to principal each time varies (with the remainder going to interest). An amortization schedule reveals the specific monetary amount put towards interest, as well as the specific amount put towards the principal balance, with each payment. Initially, a large portion of each payment is devoted to interest. As the loan matures, larger portions go towards paying down the principal Methods of amortizationThere are different methods in which to arrive at an amortization schedule. These include: †¢Straight line (linear) †¢Declining balance †¢Annuity †¢Bullet (all at once) †¢Balloon (amortization payments and large end payment) †¢Increasing balance (negative amortization) Amortization schedules run in chronological order. The first payment is assumed to take place one full payment period after the loan was taken out, not on the first day (the amortization date) of the loan. The last payment completely pays off the remainder of the loan.Often, the last payment will be a slightly different amount than all earlier payments. In addition to breaking down each payment into interest and principal portions, an amortization schedule also reveals interest-paid-to-date, principal-paid-to-date, and the remaining principal ba lance on each payment date. Example amortization schedule This amortization schedule is based on the following assumptions: First, it should be known that rounding errors occur and depending how the lender ccumulates these errors, the blended payment (principal + interest) may vary slightly some months to keep these errors from accumulating; or, the accumulated errors are adjusted for at the end of each year, or at the final loan payment. There are a few crucial points worth noting when mortgaging a home with an amortized loan. First, there is substantial disparate allocation of the monthly payments toward the interest, especially during the first 18 years of the mortgage. In the example above, payment 1 allocates about 80-90% of the total payment towards interest and only $67. 9 (or 10-20%) toward the Principal balance. The exact percentage allocated towards payment of the principal depends on the interest rate. Not until payment 257 or 21 years into the loan does the payment alloc ation towards principal and interest even out and subsequently tip the majority of the monthly payment toward Principal balance pay down. Second, understanding the above statement, the repetitive refinancing of an amortized mortgage loan, even with decreasing interest rates and decreasing Principal balance, can cause the borrower to pay over 500% of the value of the original loan amount. Re-amortization' or restarting the amortization schedule via a refinance causes the entire schedule to restart: the new loan will be 30 years from the refinance date, and initial payments on this loan will again be largely interest, not principal. If the rate is the same, say 8%, then the interest/principal allocation will be the same as at the start of the original loan (say, 90/10). This economically unfavorable situation is often mitigated by the apparent decrease in monthly payment and interest rate of a refinance, when in fact the borrower is increasing the total cost of the property.This fact is often (understandably) overlooked by borrowers. Third, the payment on an amortized mortgage loan remains the same for the entire loan term, regardless of Principal balance owed but only for a fixed rate, fully amortizing loan. For example, the payment on the above scenario will remain $733. 76 regardless if the Principal balance is $100,000 or $50,000. Paying down large chunks of the Principal balance in no way affects the monthly payment, it simply reduces the term of the loan and reduces the amount of interest that can be charged by the lender resulting in a quicker payoff.To avoid these caveats of an amortizing mortgage loan many borrowers are choosing an interest-only loan to satisfy their mortgage financing needs. Interest-only loans have their caveats as well which must be understood before choosing the mortgage payment term that is right for the individual borrower. 3 Amortization calculator An amortization calculator is used to determine the periodic payment amount due on a loan (typically a mortgage), based on the amortization process. The amortization repayment model factors varying amounts of both interest and principal into every installment, though the total amount of each payment is the same.An amortization schedule calculator is often used to adjust the loan amount until the monthly payments will fit comfortably into budget, and can vary the interest rate to see the difference a better rate might make in the kind of home or car one can afford. An amortization calculator can also reveal the exact dollar amount that goes towards interest and the exact dollar amount that goes towards principal out of each individual payment. The amortization schedule is a table delineating these figures across the duration of the loan in chronological order.The formula The calculation used to arrive at the periodic payment amount assumes that the first payment is not due on the first day of the loan, but rather one full payment period into the loan. While normal ly used to solve for A, (the payment, given the terms) it can be used to solve for any single variable in the equation provided that all other variables are known. One can rearrange the formula to solve for any one term, except for i, for which one can use a root-finding algorithm. The annuity formula is: Where: †¢A = periodic payment amount P = amount of principal, net of initial payments, meaning â€Å"subtract any down-payments† †¢i = periodic interest rate †¢n = total number of payments This formula is valid if i > 0. If i = 0 then simply A = P / n. For a 30-year loan with monthly payments, Note that the interest rate is commonly referred to as an annual percentage rate (e. g. 8% APR), but in the above formula, since the payments are monthly, the rate must be in terms of a monthly percent. Converting an annual interest rate (that is to say, annual percentage yield or APY) to the onthly rate is not as simple as dividing by 12, see the formula and discussion in APR. However if the rate is stated in terms of â€Å"APR† and not â€Å"annual interest rate†, then dividing by 12 is an appropriate means of determining the monthly interest rate. Derivation of the formula The formula for the periodic payment amount is derived as follows. For an amortization schedule, we can define a function that represents the principal amount remaining at time . We can then derive a formula for this function given an unknown payment amount and .We can generalize this to Applying the substitution (see geometric progressions) We end up with For payment periods, we expect the principal amount will be completely paid off at the last payment period, or Solving for A, we get or After substitution and simplification we get 4 Negative amortization In finance, negative amortization, also known as NegAm, deferred interest or graduated payment mortgage, occurs whenever the loan payment for any period is less than the interest charged over that period so th at the outstanding balance of the loan increases.As an amortization method the shorted amount (difference between interest and repayment) is then added to the total amount owed to the lender. [1] Such a practice would have to be agreed upon before shorting the payment so as to avoid default on payment. This method is generally used in an introductory period before loan payments exceed interest and the loan becomes self-amortizing. The term is most often used for mortgage loans; corporate loans which have negative amortization are called PIK loans. Amortization refers to the process of paying off a debt (often from a loan or mortgage) over time through regular payments.A portion of each payment is for interest while the remaining amount is applied towards the principal balance. The percentage of interest versus principal in each payment is determined in an amortization schedule. 5. Amortizing loan In banking and finance, an amortizing loan is a loan where the principal of the loan is paid down over the life of the loan (that is, amortized) according to some amortization schedule, typically through equal payments. Similarly, an amortizing bond is a bond that repays part of the principal (face value) along with the coupon payments.Compare with a sinking fund, which amortizes the total debt outstanding by repurchasing some bonds. Each payment to the lender will consist of a portion of interest and a portion of principal. Mortgage loans are typically amortizing loans. The calculations for an amortizing loan are those of an annuity using the time value of money formulas, and can be done using an amortization calculator. An amortizing loan should be contrasted with a bullet loan, where a large portion of the loan will be paid at the final maturity date instead of being paid down gradually over the loan's life.An accumulated amortization loan represents the amount of amortization expense that has been claimed since the acquisition of the asset. Effects Amortization of debt has two major effects: Credit risk First and most importantly, it substantially reduces the credit risk of the loan or bond. In a bullet loan (or bullet bond), the bulk of the credit risk is in the repayment of the principal at maturity, at which point the debt must either be paid off in full or rolled over. By paying off the principal over time, this risk is mitigated. Interest rate riskA secondary effect is that amortization reduces the duration of the debt, reducing the debt's sensitivity to interest rate risk, as compared to debt with the same maturity and coupon rate. This is because there are smaller payments in the future, so the weighted-average maturity of the cash flows is lower. Weighted-average life Main article: Weighted-average life The number weighted average of the times of the principal repayments of an amortizing loan is referred to as the weighted-average life (WAL), also called â€Å"average life†. It's the average time until a dollar of principal is repaid. In a formula, where: †¢ is the principal, is the principal repayment in coupon , hence †¢ is the fraction of the principal repaid in coupon , and †¢ is the time from the start to coupon †¢ 6. Amortization (tax law) In tax law, amortization refers to the cost recovery system for intangible property. Although the theory behind cost recovery deductions of amortization is to deduct from basis in a systematic manner over an asset's estimated useful economic life so as to reflect its consumption, expiration, obsolescence or other decline in value as a result of use or the passage of time, many times a perfect match of income and deductions does not occur for policy reasons.Depreciation A corresponding concept for tangible assets is depreciation. Methodologies for allocating amortization to each tax period are generally the same as for depreciation. However, many intangible assets such as goodwill or certain brands may be deemed to have an indefinite useful lif e, or â€Å"self-created† and are therefore not subject to amortization

Dr Mccall Paper Essay

Jerry McCall is Dr. Williams’s office assistant. He has received professional training as both a medical assistant and a LPN. He is handling all the phone calls while the receptionist is at lunch. A patient calls and says he must have a prescription refill for Valium, an antidepressant medication, called in right away to his pharmacy, since he is leaving for the airport in thirty minutes. He says that Dr. Williams is a personal friend and always gives him a small supply of Valium when he has to fly. No one except Jerry is in the office at this time. What should he do? Resource: Ethics Case Study Grading Criteria on your student website Read the case study in Ch. 4 of Medical Law and Ethics that begins, â€Å"Jerry McCall is Dr. William’s office assistant. †Prepare a 700- to 1050-word paper in which you answer the following questions: †¢Does Jerry’s medical training qualify him to issue this refill order? Why or why not? †¢Would it make a difference if the medication requested were for control of high blood pressure that the patient critically needs on a daily basis? Why or why not? †¢If Jerry calls in the refill and the patient has an adverse reaction while flying, is Jerry protected from a lawsuit under the doctrine of respondent superior? †¢What is your advice to Jerry? †¢Identify major legal and ethical issues that may affect Jerry’s decision. †¢What problem-solving methods might be helpful to assist in making an ethical decision? Include at least two sources in your paper. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines Describe ethical principles used in health care organizations. Explain the relationship between an organization’s culture and ethical decision-making. Recognize the role and importance of ethical values within an organization. an office assistant Jerry has certain duties and obligations to fulfill within his field of study, knowledge, and expertise. In this case as an office assistant Jerry has the authority and obligation to answer all phone calls and respond to them promptly, ethically, and efficiently. In this case the office assistant not only has administrative training but a limited amount of clinical training, the amount of clinical training that he does have does not qualify him to issue this refill. As an office assistant Jerry has the authority to call in only prescriptions or refills approved by the doctor. In this case as he is the only one in the office he should explain the situation to the patient and let him know that he will try his best to get in touch with Dr. Williams in order to have this prescription called in. He should let the patient know that it may not be possible to get it done within the time frame but that he will try and that he will call him back as soon as possible to let him know. Jerry as an assistant for Dr. Williams should have contact information for Dr. Williams, he should try calling the doctor and getting permission to call in this refill. However, if the doctor can not be reached then he must let the patient know that refilling this prescription at this†¦

EU Rights to citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EU Rights to citizenship - Essay Example Karl and Gabrielle are the two visitors from Kazakhstan while Sylvia belongs to Hungary. Charles, Bill and Muriel play an intricate role in the lives of all three foreign individuals. The first character Gabrielle has a work permit which qualifies up to three months. Article 6(1) provides that EU citizens shall have the right of residence in another Member State for a period of up to three months without any restrictions or formalities other than the obligation to hold a valid identity card or passport. Also, according to Article 4 and 5 all EU citizens have the right to leave or enter another Member State by having a valid identity card or valid passport. According to Art 7(1) Gabrielle can exceed the three months period if (a) she is engaged in an economic activity in the host Member State such as UK on an employment or self-employed basis, (b) if she has health insurance and (c) if she is following a course of study in the host Member State. Article (8 a) does not provide every citizen of the Union with an open-ended right to reside freely within every Member State. Gabrielle may have obtained the right of permanent residence in UK after a five years period of continuous legal residence according to Art 16 (1). This is as long as the eviction decision has not been enforced against her by virtue of Art 21. Therefore, she is allowed the right to permanent residence without needing to oblige any conditions.

In Order to Have a Successful Organisation, the Most Important Thing Essay

In Order to Have a Successful Organisation, the Most Important Thing for Management Is to Get Culture Right - Essay Example Organizational Culture has emerged to be one of the most crucial factors that strongly influence the performance of an organization. In recent years, organizational culture has gained considerable attention from managers because of that it is extremely significant in relation to meeting the industry needs for greater effectiveness and the material and social needs of employees in order to create a constructive work-environment and foster high performance working. Organizations put efforts to develop ‘right kind of culture’, culture with quality’ or a culture of customer service’ and managers most often try to inculcate certain values in their organizations. There are widespread assumptions as better or worse cultures and stronger or weaker cultures and more importantly the ‘right’ kind of culture influence the effectiveness and success factors of the organization (Schein, 2004, p. 7). Organizational culture is the system of shared actions, values and beliefs that are developed and established within an organization and this influence its members to guide and shape their behavior (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005, p. 436). As McShane and Von Glinow (2004, p. 476) noted, organizational culture refers to a basic pattern of shared values, assumptions and beliefs that are considered to be the right way of thinking and acting on problems and opportunities facing the organization. According to them, organizational culture is the DNA of an organization because it is not only invisible to the naked eye but also a very powerful template or tool that can shape what happens within an organization.... No individuals have same behavior and personality and likewise, organizations also have very different and unique culture, and therefore, organizational culture can also be termed as organization’s personality. People in any organization are considered to be the most valuable, powerful and high-valued assets and therefore utilizing these resources more effectively and strategically seems to be the underlying principle of organizational behaviour. People in an organization may belong to different cultures, social setting and life-style, but when the organization is able to create, design and establish a culture of its own by aligning and integrating the shared values among the people, the organization will also be able to be successful in achieving the goals. Do organizations require forming and structuring a specific culture and getting it right? If managers target better organizational performance, if they look at increased productivity of employees and thus to earn higher pr ofitability, if they would like to achieve high performance working and they like to maintain sustainable competitive advantages, the answer to the above question is certainly ‘yes’. Especially in today’s competitive business environment, complex marketing contexts, complicated technological advancements and in times of globalized economies, managers need to identify the organizational culture, design and structure its features, understand its significances in terms of business opportunities and evaluate its benefits to the business as well. Smircich (1983, p. 344) described that organizations are social instruments that produce goods and services and thus they produce cultural artifacts like rituals, legends and

Effects of Human Dimension on Organisational Behaviour Essay

Effects of Human Dimension on Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example The paper, therefore, makes it possible to define the best means of managing organizational behaviour through the simple task of managing attitudes and motivation.   This is because Walton (2007) noted that it is not all forms of organizational behaviour that promotes growth. Drory & Ritov (1997) noted that attitudes are evaluative judgments or statements made about people within an organization. This means that attitude embodies people’s habitual nature, readily associated or identifiable with them within the organization. The attitudes of people, however, do not always come in one form as there are three key components of attitude common with organizational members. The first component is the cognitive component, which Canary, Coach and Serape (2001) noted to be the form of attitude that highlights people’s opinion and beliefs. Because of the relationship between cognitive component of attitude and opinion, it is often seen as a means by which people give personal e valuation on actions that take place within the organization (Samovar and Porter, 2011). A typical example is the evaluative attitude of people when there is a promotion at the workplace. In such situations, employees are likely to evaluate the promotion as either being deserving of the person or not. Where the person’s evaluation says the person promoted did not deserve the promotion, chances are that a negative attitude will be developed towards that person. Meanwhile, where  there is a negative attitude, an organizational behaviour may be negatively affected due to the possibility of frequent organizational conflict.

World Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

World Religion - Essay Example For example, when reading the almanac page about Buddhism, we read that its sacred texts provide â€Å"rules of monastic life† and that it practices meditation (â€Å"Major Non-Christian World Religions†). Just by reading this, we will form our own ideas of what mediation and monasticism is from our limited knowledge and understanding of Buddhism. We have to read and learn about the history of Buddha, the meanings and context of his teachings and how they have been influenced through out its history. Also, just by reading a small paragraph that their belief consists of cycle of rebirth and death, we can’t grasp the full understanding of this belief and what it is trying to say (â€Å"Major Non-Christian World Religions†). With such basic and little knowledge we would be unable to even try to compare it to other religions. When we just read these simple summaries, it makes us believe that religions are boiled down to the few listed practices and beliefs. We make the wrong conclusions and tend to misunderstand the true meaning and their teachings. For example, when reading the summary on Islam, it seems like a list of rigid tasks of fasting, giving charity, and strict rules of conduct (â€Å"Major Non-Christian World Religions†). These few words fail to do justice to the vast and rich history of the religion, its founder, practices, and cultural context. We don’t get an idea of how and why it came to be, what influences it had on the people and how it changed and developed history. Also, when we read the basic concepts and practices of any religion we start making assumptions that its followers worldwide do these same few practices that we have read on a page. For example, when one reads that in Judaism, people observe certain dietary restrictions, celebrate specific holidays like Rosh Hashana and adhere to a â€Å"period of fasting and penitence†, we automatically assume that every single

Bowling for Columbine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bowling for Columbine - Essay Example The possible conclusions of Moore adhere to a few criminological theories, among which the Classical and Rational Choice Theories can be considered the most convincing. The eclectic nature of Moore’s arguments can also lead to the Integrated Theory. The basic argument of Moore is that the American community has a strange affinity towards gun crime, for which the easy accessibility of gun merely serves as an encouragement. In this sense, there are no sufficient deterrents for an average American citizen to be held back from possible crimes. The movie begins with the sequence of Moore acquiring a free gun for opening a time deposit for a specific sum in a Michigan bank. The argument by the Michigan Militia that guns vouchsafe the safety of the individual and family is shown as a reductive one, discounting the possibilities of increasing numbers of gun crimes in a society where everyone is entitled to possess a gun. Though there exists sufficient punishment as a deterrent in America, there is not enough awareness among the public regarding the use of the guns. Eventually, it is possible that the guns end up being I the hands of school kids, like Erik Harris and Dylan Klebold, who perpetrated the shocking massacres at Columbine school. Using the metaphor of an irresponsible game like bowling, Moore exposes the lack of proper concern and clear rules reading the possession and use of guns. In a culture where even teenagers can procure guns from supermarkets, one has to assume that the rational choice deterrence would be nonexistent. Even though Moore asserts that the easy availability of guns is not the only reason why the crime rates are shooting up, the lack of proper deterrents combined with this situation could definitely be a major reason. Integrated Theory can also provide significant explanations for the American gun crime rates. There could be several reasons for the use of violence, which basically stem from the use and misuse of

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

HRM - Essay Example Though there is not universal solution to the problem of cultural differences in ethical concepts, it is recommended that certain elements of both ethical absolutism and ethical relativism approaches, as well as the principle of considering the context of each particular situation should be the basis of the code of ethics and of IHRM decision-making processes. Introduction The HR system of any organization has to perform a complex set of interrelated and interdependent tasks that ensure effective functioning of the organization. Among the roles of HR departments are, according to Mote (2011), â€Å"planning, implementing, and managing recruitment, as well as selection, training, career and organizational development initiatives within an organization.† Furthermore, HR management involves aligning the goals and needs of an employer with those of the employees so that the parties cooperate with the same objectives and goals in mind. These tasks become even more complicated in re lation to international HRM, since in this case the organization has to also take into consideration peculiarities of working in multiple locations and in different cultures. On this matter John R. Deckop and John Raymond Deckop outline that these days human resource management and development are becoming â€Å"an integral part of national initiatives to develop competitive workforces† (Deckop and Deckop 2006, 91) in the countries the company operates in. Furthermore, HRM also involves dealing with ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to identify and analyze some of the major IHRM challenges an MNC may face operating worldwide. In particular, such issues as core human values, local cultures and decision-making context in international environment will be analyzed form the perspective of corporate and human ethics. These specific areas of international business have been chosen for deeper analysis since they appear to be some of the most critical for development and success of company’s operations overseas. Furthermore, in the international context ethics, according to Donaldson, means following the three basic principles for international ethics: Respect of core human values, Respect for local traditions, Believing that context matters when determining the right and the wrong (Donaldson 1996). In addition, the key principles and advantages of effective CSR practices will be outlined with the purpose of clarifying the role of CSR in corporate culture and operations, as well as determining the financial benefits of completing well-designed CSR initiatives. Findings MNC’s Operations: Exploitation or Cooperation? Multinational corporations, being large and influential organizations, attract much attention of governments, local authorities, interest groups and other representatives of the communities they operate in. This is especially true in relation to the ethical concepts an orga nization brings into the society, and employment-related practices in particular (Briscoe, Schuler and Claus 2008,136). Briscoe, Schuler and Claus (2008, 136) mention that, while companies entering foreign markets claim bringing great advantages to the county, in reality

Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Advertising - Essay Example In excess, advertising helps in the branding of a product in that it identifies the distinct traits of the manufacturer of the product from the other manufacturers. In effect, it helps to emphasize the brand to which a consumer associates with the product (Trehan 67). It also serves as an informational tool as the price of the product may sometimes reflect in the advertisement. In other instances, an advertisement also serves as an assurance to employees and the company shareholders that the company is still operational. Usually, sponsors pay adverts to run on various media tools, which may be either audio or visual depending with the sponsor preference. They are mainly for commercial purposes as they seek to brand products and services through repetitive showing of an image or product name in their showing. Through the repetition, the consumer is able to familiarize him or herself with the qualities of a product or service through the advert. In contrast, some advertisements may be non-commercial in that their intention is not make any profit but just passing information. Mainly, political parties, faith based and non-governmental organizations explore these commercials by spending money to air them as a public service announcement. In essence, this paper will examine an advertisement placed on a popular magazine to bring out its effectiveness in achieving an anticipated wider market base. How the advertisement functions This product is new to the market. Therefore, this advertisement serves as an introductory approach to the consumer. It gives the product name and an appealing design that instantly attracts the eye. The colors used also reflect the sophistication in that the product is of high quality. Essential, an advertisement can appeal to a consumer in two ways. For one, the information given may have a rational appeal in that it reflects the quality of the product (Trehan 226). This may be in terms of its durability, great performance, and affordability of the product and its location. On the other hand, the product information given in the advert may have an emotional appeal in that it gives a sense of assurance, pride, customer satisfaction levels, and its recognizable ability in the market (Trehan 118). For instance, this advertisement gives the emotional appeal to the market as it portrays all the above-mentioned qualities. In addition, this advertisement has the fear appeal in that it portrays the consequences of not using this product, which would be to go to a dentist (Trehan133). This evokes fear to the readers, thus, they have no option but to buy the product. How the constitutive elements combine to try to sell the product There has been effective color use to try to draw the attention of the reader into taking notice of the advert. Essentially, when dull colors take centre stage the chances of the advert making impact are very low. In addition, the advert portrays the image of the product that is available for retail. T herefore, the reader is able to relate to the product’s appearance. This will be helpful when they go to buy the product, as they will be able to spot it in a store’s shelf. Additionally, the wording involved is one that cannot escape one’s eye, as they are readable and clear. They are visible enough from a distance thus a reader needs not strain to capture what the advert is trying to sell. Moreover, it is the giving of the location where the product is available at makes it easy for the intended consumer to know where to get it. As an additional element, the advert gives all the good attributes associated with the use of their product, which draws a

Us Involvement in Mogadishu Essay Example for Free

Us Involvement in Mogadishu Essay In response to the impending starvation of hundreds of thousands of Somalians the United States entered Somalia in December 1992 to provide humanitarian aid and establish a functioning government as under the UN mandated United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNISOM II). Acting as a replacement for the ineffectual United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) mission UNISOM II was carried out by United States-controlled (UN-sanctioned) Unified Task Force (UNITAF). UNISOM was given the power to establish a stable environment in Somalia under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. On October 3, 1993 a battle between UNISOM joint forces and Somali militia ensued in Mogadishu. The operation was in decline following the two day battle of Mogadishu. In the fighting 18 US soldiers perished and a further 83 casualties were reported. The bodies of several US casualties were maimed and dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by an assortment of civilians and members Aidid’s Somali National Alliance. In response to the events pressure mounted for the immediate withdrawal of US troops. President Clinton announced in the days following that, â€Å"our mission from this day forward is to increase our strength, do our job, bring our soldiers out and bring them home† and that by mid 1994 all troops would be withdrawn. The US, for fear of a repeat of the events in Somalia reshaped foreign policy terms the years following. The resulting concept of the â€Å"Mogadishu Line† became intertwined in post Cold War international relations discourse. The withdrawal of US forces following the Battle of Mogadishu has been identified by its commentators as the key reason for the failure of US intervention in later conflicts such as the 1994 Rwanda Genocide. â€Å"The ghosts of Somalia continue to haunt US 2 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? policy. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like Somalia all over-again†1 Further instances of Clinton refusing to mobilize US ground troops: †¢ 200 lightly armed hostiles at the Haitian harbor of Port-au-Prince causing the withdrawal of the USS Harlan County a week after the Mogadishu battle †¢ Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995 †¢ August 1998 bombings of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania Killing 224 people and wounding more than 5,000 †¢ Clinton administration retaliates with missile strike on al-Qua’ida training camps at Zahwar Kili in Afghanistan Policy makers became more keen on risk avoidance. This became evident in a change in military tactics. Following the1998 bombings of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania and the failure to kill Osama bin Laden prompted for the construction of plans for an armed assault to capture the Saudi masterm ind. Officers within the Special Operations Command (SOCOM) â€Å"were eager to go after bin Laden† 2. The CIA’s evaluation of the plans estimated a 95 percent chance of successful SOCOM capture of bin Laden given the chance to launch. The plans for the operation were opposed by the top brass. According to a Pentagon officer there was â€Å"reluctance to even discuss pro-active measures associated with countering the terrorist threat through SOF operations.† 2. Concluding in a Pentagon study Richard Shultz expressed that â€Å"The Mogadishu disaster spooked the Clinton administration as well as the brass†2. There was a prolonged and persistent refusal to implement surgical special operations strikes in the face of increasing intelligence regarding unspecified al-Qa’ida plans to attack US targets. A team of 20 Delta operators and SEALs from Task Force 20 were intent on conducting a raid on a home in Mosul, Iraq. The team was backed by a force of app roximately 200 of the 101st Air Assault Division. Forces were repelled by small arms fire repeatedly. To deal with the threat US forces evacuated neighboring homes and fired 18 antitank missiles thus neutralizing the threat. Following the September 11th attacks â€Å"US policy makers became more risk acceptant in dealing with the threat posed by al-Qa’ida.† 2. 1 Former US deputy special envoy to Somalia, Walter Clarke. Command Posts (Aug 2010) â€Å"The Mogadishu Effect and Risk Acceptance† Retrieved August 2nd, 2012, from Command Post site: http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishueffect-and-risk-acceptance/ 2 3 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? Evaluation of Sources John S. Brown, Brigadier General, U.S. Army Chief of Military History. Taken from ‘The United States Army in Somalia 1992 1994‘ The source offers the perspective of a historian under military command who was alive at the time. With both hindsight and first hand knowledge the source allows for a more-complete over view of the situation. With the purpose of education, the source is trustworthy to have usable information, however it could very well contain altered information as it has been assembled by a member of the armed forces involved. This source in particular is valuable in that it provides an overall evaluation of US involvement in Somalia from incursion to excursion. With this being written by a member of the US armed forces there is a clear bias towards US service members. This is evident in the statement â€Å"The American soldier had, as always, done his best..†. The source highlights the scope of the blow to US forces during the operation and validates the US’s later decision to refrain from providing military aid on humanitarian missions to come. â€Å"fortytwo Americans died and dozens more were wounded†. While the source serves as an accurate recount of what happened during the operation and provides a brief insight into the events following (Bosnia) it is limited by failing to directly address the topic at hand. The source does not address United States foreign policy changes as a result of the conflict. Benjamin Runkle. August 27, 2011. Taken from ‘The â€Å"Mogadishu Effect† and Risk Acceptance’ http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishu-effect-and-risk-acceptance/ The above source is an extract from an article written specifically concerning policy changes as a result of incidences during the US lead operations in Somalia. It has been taken from a site focusing on military history and policy. â€Å"CommandPosts.com was launched October 5, 2010, by St. Martin;s Press as a site for military history, current events, and fiction† 3. The purpose of this source is to provide relevant information to those seeking more in depth knowledge concerning Military history. â€Å"It is the intention of CommandPosts.com to foster a community that will engage the audience and provide a location rich in rational discourse and commentary, and find creative ways to support the m ilitary community† 4. Benjamin Runkle ‘is a former paratrooper 3 Command Posts (Oct 5, 2010) ‘About’ Retrieved Oct 30, 2012 the Command Posts site: http:// www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishu-effect-and-risk-acceptance/ 4 Command Posts (Oct 5, 2010) ‘About’ Retrieved Oct 30, 2012 the Command Posts site: http:// www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishu-effect-and-risk-acceptance/ 4 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? and presidential speechwriter, with a Harvard PhD, and a Bronze Star from Operation Iraqi Freedom. He has worked in the Department of Defense and the National Security Council, and is currently a Professional Staff Member on the House Armed Services Committee.’ This makes him a person who may have more direct knowledge concerning the topic. The source is limited in that Benjamin Runkle’s current affiliation with government organizations could result in some of the information being censored. The source supports the ideas concerning the ‘Mogadishu Line’ and its prevalence concerning following operations, especially those under the clinton administration. â€Å"The Clinton administration later declined to intervene to prevent repeated atrocities in Bosnia and a genocide in Rwanda due to its experience in the Aideed manhunt†.5 Analysis It became apparent following the unacceptable loss of U.S. lives in what was intended to be a humanitarian effort that changes needed to be made to the way the U.S. deals with foreign affairs and combat operations. A week following the Mogadishu battle the USS Harlan County was withdrawn from the Haitian harbor of Port-au-Prince. The ship was faced with lightly armed hostile demonstrators who’s numbers were well bellow 200. It became evident that the Clinton administration did not want a repeat of the events in Somalia where simple peace keeping initiatives would turn into hostile combat against the very the people the U.S. forces were sent to help. Bosnia and the Rwanda genocide were no different. As a result of its experiences the U.S. officials maintained a safe distance â€Å"deciding against taking a leading role†.7 in Rwanda. Instead public statements, diplomatic demarcates, initiatives for a ceasefire and attempts at contacting both the interim government perpetr ating the killing and the RPF were the chosen course of action. The U.S. further advocated that the UN refrain from a â€Å"robust response†. 7 With the 1998 bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people and wounding 5,000+, the Clinton administration opted for a missile strike on the al-Qa’ida training camps at Zahwar Kili, Afghanistan. Officers within the Special Operations Command (SOCOM) were keen to launch an infiltration assault to capture Osama bin Laden, head of al-Qa’ida. In spite of a high 95 percent CIA predicted success rate of capturing bin Laden, should forces be given the go ahead to launch, members of the top brass were not convinced. The plans received strong opposition. â€Å"The Mogadishu disaster spooked the Clinton administration as well as the Command Posts (Aug 2010) â€Å"The Mogadishu Effect and Risk Acceptance† Retrieved August 2nd, 2012, from Command Post site: http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the- mogadishueffect-and-risk-acceptance/ 5 5 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? brass.†6 It was evident in the Pentagon conducted study that there was â€Å"reluctance to even discuss pro-active measures associated with countering the terrorist threat through SOF operations.†7 Not only was the Battle of Mogadishu an exemplar for a raid to capture bin Laden. The failed 1980 operation â€Å"Desert One† was â€Å"repeatedly cited as a catastrophic precedent†7 in which a team attempted the rescue of American hostages in Iran. Chairman of the Join Chiefs of Staff, General Hugh Shelton dismissed the proposed SOF raids as â€Å"dumb-ass ideas, not militarily feasible,† and â€Å"something in a Tom Clancy novel† which ignored â€Å"the time-distance factors.†7 In the face of increasing warnings of active al-Qa’ida plans for attacks on U.S. targets the refusal to consider â€Å"surgical special operations strikes in Afghanistan persisted.† A formidable team of 20 Delta operators and SEALs from Task Force 20 were intent on conducting a raid on a home in Mosul, Iraq. The team was backed by a force of approximately 200 of the 101st Air Assault Division which were situated themselves in support by fire positions to the South and northeast of the target building. Forces were repelled by small arms fire repeatedly. Commanders decided against laying siege as it was unknown if there would be escape tunnels leading away from the building. Fears were mounting for an insurgent retaliation, â€Å"trapping the U.S. forces in an ambush similar to Mogadishu.† To deal with the threat US forces evacuated neighboring homes and fired 18 antitank missiles thus neutralizing the threat. This action showed the unwillingness of US commanders to spare the lives of their men for an objective. Decreasing the number of U.S. casualties has become a priority in United States combat operations in foreign lands. Following the September 11th a ttacks â€Å"US policy makers have became more risk acceptant in dealing with the threat posed by al-Qa’ida.†. 6 Richard Shultz. Command Posts (Aug 2010) â€Å"The Mogadishu Effect and Risk Acceptance† Retrieved August 2nd, 2012, from Command Post site: http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishueffect-and-risk-acceptance/ 7 6 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? Conclusion As a result of the tragic loss of U.S. lives in Mogadishu changes in foreign policy were issued in attempt to â€Å"prevent repeated atrocities† in future conflicts. The American public became and its leaders became sensitive to the thought of loosing more American lives. For the remainder of the Clinton administration policy towards foreign conflicts was more reserved. U.S. officials took a restrained position on conflicts concerning lands or military operations of a likeness to that of their hunt for Aideed. The losses at Mogadishu and the similar loss during the 1980 â€Å"Desert One† mission combined to restructure the way officials approached military objectives. A higher value was placed on the lives of soldiers which resulted in an increased use of alternative methods such as direct missile strikes to neutralize a thread or complete restrained actions in response to a hostile situation such as Rwanda. 7 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? Bibliography †¢ ‘About’ [section detailing Website purpose] Command Posts (Oct 5, 2010) Retrieved Oct 30, 2012 the Command Posts site: http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishu-effect-and-risk- acceptance/ †¢ â€Å"Battle of Mogadishu† Wikepedia (2012) Retrieved June 5th, 2012, from Wikepedia site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993) †¢ â€Å"Bosnia and